4H 2 O.It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. ATP and ADP are often referred to as high-energy phosphates, as are the phosphagens in muscle tissue. [5] However, some scientists thought that a "peak phosphorus" will occur in 30 years and Dana Cordell from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years". An example is trimethyl phosphate, (CH3)3PO4. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pKa values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO4]2−, is the only species present. These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate. If they changed colour, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom. 4H2O. Phosphate can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate), (P2O7)4−, and triphosphate, (P3O10)5−. These fakes are detected by gemologists using a number of tests, relying primarily on non-destructive, close examination of surface structure under magnification; a featureless, pale blue background peppered by flecks or spots of whitish material is the typical surface appearance of natural turquoise, while manufactured imitations will appear radically different in both colour (usually a uniform dark blue) and texture (usually granular or sugary). Orthophosphate salts of sodium and potassium are common agents for the preparation of buffer solutions for animal cells. At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. The deposits of California and New Mexico were mined by pre-Columbian Native Americans using stone tools, some local and some from as far away as central Mexico. The Phelps Dodge Lavender Pit mine at Bisbee ceased operations in 1974 and never had a turquoise contractor. It may cause digestive tract irratation if swallowed. Controversy exists as to whether some of these treatments should be acceptable, but one can be more or less forgiven universally: This is the light waxing or oiling applied to most gem turquoise to improve its colour and lustre; if the material is of high quality to begin with, very little of the wax or oil is absorbed and the turquoise therefore does not rely on this impermanent treatment for its beauty. The use of Prussian blue and other dyes (often in conjunction with bonding treatments) to "enhance” its appearance, make uniform or completely change the colour, is regarded as fraudulent by some purists,[16] especially since some dyes may fade or rub off on the wearer. Turquoise is insoluble in all but heated hydrochloric acid. [2] Characteristically a cryptocrystalline mineral, turquoise almost never forms single crystals, and all of its properties are highly variable. Most of these products differ markedly from natural turquoise in both physical and chemical properties, but in 1972 Pierre Gilson introduced one fairly close to a true synthetic (it does differ in chemical composition owing to a binder used, meaning it is best described as a simulant rather than a synthetic). Within North America, the largest deposits lie in the Bone Valley region of central Florida, the Soda Springs region of southeastern Idaho, and the coast of North Carolina. [2], InChI=1S/3Cu.2H3O4P/c;;;2*1-5(2,3)4/h;;;2*(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+2;;/p-6, [O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[Cu+2].[Cu+2]. A weathered and broken trachyte is host to the turquoise, which is found both in situ between layers of limonite and sandstone and amongst the scree at the mountain's base. Turquoise is treated to enhance both its colour and durability (increased hardness and decreased porosity). [citation needed] In the ancient Persian Empire, the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death. Conversely, stabilization and bonding are rejected by some as too radical an alteration. Such material is sometimes described as "spiderweb matrix"; it is most valued in the Southwest United States and Far East, but is not highly appreciated in the Near East where unblemished and vein-free material is ideal (regardless of how complementary the veining may be). Turquoise, already favoured for its pastel shades since around 1810, was a staple of Egyptian Revival pieces. Glass and plastic will have a much greater translucency, with bubbles or flow lines often visible just below the surface. Until the 1980s Virginia was widely thought to be the only source of distinct crystals; there are now at least 27 other localities. Formula: Cu3(PO4)2. Some phosphate rock deposits, such as Mulberry in Florida,[11] are notable for their inclusion of significant quantities of radioactive uranium isotopes. In extracellular fluid (pH = 7.4), this proportion is inverted (61% [HPO4]2−, 39% [H2PO4]−). It was apparently unknown in India until the Mughal period, and unknown in Japan until the 18th century. Turquoise prehistoric artifacts (beads) are known since the fifth millennium BCE from sites in the Eastern Rhodopes in Bulgaria – the source for the raw material is possibly related to the nearby Spahievo lead–zinc ore field. Turquoise may also pseudomorphously replace feldspar, apatite, other minerals, or even fossils. The change can be caused by the light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, dust or the acidity of the skin. The refractive index of turquoise (as measured by sodium light, 589.3 nm) is approximately 1.61 or 1.62; this is a mean value seen as a single reading on a gemological refractometer, owing to the almost invariably polycrystalline nature of turquoise. Alias: Cupric Phosphate. It may also be regarded as the cupric salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphate can be present also as of pyrophosphate anions [P2O7]4−, which can give orthophosphate by hydrolysis: Organic phosphates are commonly found in the form of esters as nucleotides (e.g. Among these peoples turquoise was used in mosaic inlay, in sculptural works, and was fashioned into toroidal beads and freeform pendants. The phosphate ion has a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol, and consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. Being a phosphate mineral, turquoise is inherently fragile and sensitive to solvents; perfume and other cosmetics will attack the finish and may alter the colour of turquoise gems, as will skin oils, as will most commercial jewellery cleaning fluids. In some occurrences alunite, potassium aluminium sulfate, is a prominent secondary mineral. The Egyptians were the first to produce an artificial imitation of turquoise, in the glazed earthenware product faience. [citation needed]. AMP, ADP, and ATP) and in DNA and RNA. For example, blooms in the populations of some organisms at the expense of others, and the collapse of populations deprived of resources such as oxygen (see eutrophication) can occur. The stone is also considered sacred to the indigenous Zuni and Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest. The term also refers to the trivalent functional group OP(O-)3 in such esters. The pastel shades of turquoise have endeared it to many great cultures of antiquity: it has adorned the rulers of Ancient Egypt, the Aztecs (and possibly other Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans), Persia, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and to some extent in ancient China since at least the Shang Dynasty. Bonded and reconstituted material is worth considerably less. Nevada turquoise is found as nuggets, fracture fillings and in breccias as the cement filling interstices between fragments. It has the appearance of yellowish-grey very brittle mass of crystalline structure. Most other phosphates are only slightly soluble or are insoluble in water. [8], China has been a minor source of turquoise for 3,000 years or more. Backing of turquoise is not widely known outside of the Native American and Southwestern United States jewellery trade. Morenci and Turquoise Peak are either inactive or depleted. As a rule, the hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates are slightly more soluble than the corresponding phosphates. Dyed chalcedony, jasper, and marble is less common, and much less convincing. Later glass and enamel were also used, and in modern times more sophisticated porcelain, plastics, and various assembled, pressed, bonded, and sintered products (composed of various copper and aluminium compounds) have been developed: examples of the latter include "Viennese turquoise", made from precipitated aluminium phosphate coloured by copper oleate; and "neolith", a mixture of bayerite and copper(II) phosphate. Intergrowth with other secondary copper minerals such as chrysocolla is also common. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. All other factors being equal, untreated turquoise will always command a higher price. Persian turquoise was often engraved with devotional words in Arabic script which was then inlaid with gold. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid H3PO4. The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is Morocco. The majority of American material is now treated in this manner although it is a costly process requiring many months to complete. A reading of 1.61–1.65 (birefringence 0.040, biaxial positive) has been taken from rare single crystals. Since finer turquoise is often found as thin seams, it may be glued to a base of stronger foreign material for reinforcement. The pKa values are the pH values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its conjugate bases. Climate factors appear to play an important role as turquoise is typically found in arid regions, filling or encrusting cavities and fractures in typically highly altered volcanic rocks, often with associated limonite and other iron oxides. [Cu+2], Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_phosphate&oldid=963801754, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 June 2020, at 21:39. These are all small-scale operations, often seasonal owing to the limited scope and remoteness of the deposits. Any such treatments which have been performed should be disclosed to the buyer on sale of the material. For example, the copper may come from primary copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite or from the secondary carbonates malachite or azurite; the aluminium may derive from feldspar; and the phosphorus from apatite. For the organophosphorus derivatives, see, InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Kipton J. Powell, Paul L. Brown, Robert H. 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