[50], In 253 BC, Ptolemy negotiated a peace treaty, in which he conceded large amounts of territory in Asia Minor to Antiochus. While the skull had been lost during World War II in Germany, Thur discovered the remaining bones still in the tomb. With Berenice executed on her father’s orders in 55 BCE, two Ptolemy sisters remained: Arinsoë and her older sister, Cleopatra. [57], This article is about the Egyptian ruler. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arsinoe-IV. This was the stretch of the Nile river between the First Cataract at Syene and the Second Cataract at Wadi Halfa (the whole area is now submerged under Lake Nasser). [23][24][25], Ptolemy clashed with the kingdom of Nubia, located to the south of Egypt, over the territory known as the Triakontaschoinos ('thirty-mile land'). Her teams also attempted to reconstruct the face of the woman, using photographs and measurements of the lost skull as the basis. Cover Photo: Temple of Artemis in Ephesus today (source). [31] Furthermore, Arsinoë and Cleopatra, shared the same father (Ptolemy XII Auletes) but had different mothers,[33] with Thür claiming the alleged African ancestry came from the skeleton's mother. Updates? Cleopatra fled briefly to Syria to gather an army to confront Ptolemy. Particular measures to increase efficiency and income are attested from the start of the Second Syrian War. [20], Antiochus did this by pursuing ties with Ptolemy II's maternal half-brother, Magas who had been governor of Cyrenaica since around 300 BC had declared himself king of Cyrene sometime after Ptolemy I's death. [15] The eunuch priest (Megabyzos) who had welcomed Arsinoë on her arrival at the temple as "queen" was only pardoned when an embassy from Ephesus made a petition to Cleopatra. Poets like Callimachus, Theocritus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Posidippus were provided with stipends and produced masterpieces of Hellenistic poetry, including panegyrics in honour of the Ptolemaic family. Cleopatra travelled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, staying at his villa. It is one of our key pieces of evidence for the intended operation of the Ptolemaic tax system. He declared that in accordance with Ptolemy XII's will, Cleopatra and Ptolemy would rule Egypt jointly, and in a similar motion restored Cyprus, which had been annexed by Rome in 58 BC, to Egypt's rule and gave it to Arsinoë and her youngest brother, Ptolemy XIV. These included the epistolographos ('letter-writer', responsible for diplomacy), the hypomnematographos ('memo-writer' or the chief secretary), the epi ton prostagmaton ('in charge of commands', who produced the drafts of royal edicts), the key generals, and the dioiketes ('household manager', who was in charge of taxation and provincial administration). The acquisitions of the Ptolemaic kingdom at this time can be traced in epigraphic sources and seem to include Samos, Miletus, Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia, and perhaps Cilicia. Samuel, This identification of Ptolemy son of Lysimachus, with Ptolemy "the son" who is attested as Ptolemy II's co-regent is argued in detail by Chris Bennett. 48-49, Dr. Fabian Kanz, "Arsinoe IV of Egypt: Sister of Cleopatra identified?" Ptolemy II was the son of Ptolemy I Soter and his third wife Berenice I. Even Ptolemy's mistress Bilistiche received sanctuaries in which she was identified with the goddess Aphrodite.[59][58]. "[25] Furthermore, craniometry as used by Thür to determine race is based in scientific racism that is now generally considered a pseudoscience that supported "exploitation of groups of people" to "perpetuate racial oppression" and "distorted future views of the biological basis of race."[34]. She went to Alexandria where she met Julius Caesar in 48 BC, who would aid her in her quest to regain power. Ctesibius (Greek Κτησίβιος) of Alexandria, Egypt, is a Greek inventor and mathematician, the first great figure of the ancient engineering tradition of Alexandria. It is worth noting that it is unknown if Cleopatra and Arsinoe were full-blooded sisters or half-sisters, leaving it possibly Arsinoe’s mother was African without tarnishing the cherished, white Greek Cleopatra. Arsinoë, now in Roman captivity, was transported to Rome, where in 46 BC she was forced to appear in Caesar's triumph and was paraded behind a burning effigy of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, which had been the scene of her victory over him. Ptolemy is thought to have commissioned Manetho to compose his Aegyptiaca, an account of Egyptian history, perhaps intended to make Egyptian culture intelligible to its new rulers.[74]. Arsinoe IV. [61] At the end of the whole procession marched a military force numbering 57,600 infantry and 23,200 cavalry. At this same moment, Ptolemy's own forces were hamstrung. Two hieroglyphic stelae commemorate Ptolemy's activities in this context. As a Roman State, Pompey the Great planned Ptolemaic Egypt as a place of refuge after losing the 48 BC Battle of Phardsalus. Arsinoë was then exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in Roman Anatolia, but she was executed there by orders of triumvir Mark Antony in 41 BC at the behest of his lover Cleopatra. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Philadelphos "Ptolemy, friend of his siblings"; 308/9 – 28 January 246 BCE) was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 to 246 BCE. [37], The Athenian politician Chremonides forged a further alliance with Sparta in 269 BC. [73] Efforts were made to increase the amount of arable land in Egypt, particularly by reclaiming large amounts of land from Lake Moeris in the Fayyum. As Antigonus expanded his power through mainland Greece, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II positioned themselves as defenders of 'Greek freedom' from Macedonian aggression. Two of the luminaries of Ptolemy II's court, the poet Theocritus and the mathematician and engineer Archimedes came from and eventually returned to Syracuse. [73] The Zenon papyri also record experiments by the dioiketes Apollonius to establish cash crop regimes, particularly growing castor oil, with mixed success. [10][9][notes 1], The fall-out from the succession conflict between Ptolemy II and Ptolemy Keraunos continued even after Ptolemy II's accession. Following a feud between Ganymedes and the Egyptian commander, Arsinoe ordered Achillas executed. He had two full sisters, Arsinoe II and Philotera. This event, along with Antony's marriage to Cleopatra and divorce of Octavia Minor, sister of Octavian, marked a turning point that led to the Final War of the Roman Republic. Lysimachus’ court was divided on the question of supporting Keraunos. 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